Skip to main content

Table 4 The standardised generation characteristics applied for all 30 countries. Biomass/waste assumes biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) technology is in place, aligning with International Energy Agency [29] assumptions. Ref [1, 29], [2, 5]

From: Comparing negative emissions and high renewable scenarios for the European power system

Fuel Type

Capacity

(MW)

Start Cost

(€)

Min Stable Factor

(%)

Ramp Rate

(MW/Min)

Efficiency (%)

Biomass/waste

300

10,000

30

5

51% (43% - CCS) (1)

Geothermal heat

70

3000

40

5

Hydro (lakes)

150

0

0

10

Hydro (run of river)

200

0

0

10

Natural gas CCGT

450

80,000

40

20

62% (54% - CCS) (1)

Natural gas OCGT

100

10,000

20

50

40% (1)

Nuclear

1200

120,000

60

5

Oil

400

75,000

40

50

45% (1)

Solids

300

80,000

30

5

48% (41% - CCS) (1)

Pumped hydro

200

0

5

30

80% (2)

Demand response

100

100%

Battery

100

98%