Imported Feedstock | Sustainability Concerns | Sources |
---|---|---|
Olive residues | Competition for use to re-fertilise and preserve soil quality at the locality of production | [89] |
Palm residues | A by-product of palm oil production which gives rise to various environmental burdens, such as deforestation and loss of biodiversity, forest fires, air pollution and associated health impacts, and the abrogation of land and social rights | Present authors |
Competition for use as animal (livestock and wildlife) feedstock at the locality of production | [74] | |
Wood (chips/pellets) | Concerns surround net ‘greenhouse gas’ (GHG) balance after transportation | [89] |
Sourcing from forestry residues may result in degradation of soil quality and threaten biodiversity | [90] |